~~DECKJS~~ # Global gifts ## Global gifts Ryan Schram ANTH 1002: Anthropology in the world Module 3, Week 3, Lectures 1 Social Sciences Building (A02), Room 410 ryan.schram@sydney.edu.au October 14, 2019 Available at http://anthro.rschram.org/1002/2019/3.3.1 ## Ongka redux We can see Ongka in a new light. He's not a living fossil. He straddles two worlds. He makes money from selling coffee, and he keeps a cycle of //moka// going too. * Has a bank account * Grows coffee * He has also said that cash-cropping and moka should coexist (Strathern and Stewart 2004, 133). Ongka and other big men draw on money earned in markets to make bigger gifts. Money has led to the **efflorescence** of the *moka* system. What appears to be change is often continuity. ## Auhelawa at work * Since the very first contacts between Australians and Auhelawa in the late 19th century, Auhelawa people have migrated to earn wages as workers. * The trade goods they bought with wages became gifts to their kin when they returned: //lautom//. ## Auhelawa migration is ideally circular * Many people who were born in Auhelawa no longer live there, but their kin believe that this absence is temporary, and they will return. * People living and working in other parts of the country will often return during the summer holidays with gifts, a visit that anticipates their return to membership in the social order they left. ## Wantoks in PNG * //Wantok//: A person who speaks the same (//wan//) language (//tok//), and with whom one expects a relationship of mutual support. * Anyone who comes from the same area as oneself relative to others in a new environment are wantoks. * Migrants to towns reach out to wantoks and usually live among wantoks. ## Quiz question: What are wantoks? Go on to Canvas and take //Quiz no. 16: What are wantoks?// Have we read of any other kind of relationship which is similar to a wantok relationship? The code for this quiz will be announced in lecture. ## Gifts make the world go round ### Remittances, migrant labor, and the global economy * In 2018, globally, over US$ 624 billion were received around the world. * Over 68 billion US dollars was sent overseas from the US as remittances in 2018 (World Bank 2019c,d). ### Remittances drive economic development in many small countries * In many receiving countries, remittances sent back are well over what the country receives in foreign development aid (OECD 2017). * In Haiti, 64% of external resource flows come from remittances, 33% from foreign aid. * In many of these countries, remittances are equal to or greater than what the country earns from exports (World Bank 2019a,b). * In Tonga, remittances in 2018 equaled 40% of GDP (up from 20% in 2010) * In 2018, exports in Tonga accounted for 21% of GDP (up from 12% in 2010, but trending downward since 1975). * Other countries where remittances are worth more than export income: Liberia, Comoros, Nepal, Haiti, Tajikistan. * These countries, in other words, participate in global capitalism mainly by exporting people. ## Myths of migration * [[https://www.google.com/search?q=Fievel+the+mouse|Fievel the mouse]] * Wantok networks, Samoan diasporas ## References Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. “Resource Flows beyond ODA in DAC Statistics.” Accessed September 5. http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/beyond-oda.htm. Strathern, Andrew, and Pamela Stewart. 2004. Empowering the Past, Confronting the Future: The Duna People of Papua New Guinea. Basingstoke, Eng.: Palgrave Macmillan. World Bank. 2019a. “Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?view=chart. ———. 2019b. “Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS. ———. 2019c. “Personal Remittances, Paid (current US$).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT. ———. 2019d. “Personal Remittances, Received (current US$).” World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT.